PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian Epochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6													0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian		Cenozoic 5													11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		Cenozoic 4									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
				Bartonian		Cenozoic 3									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Lutetian		Cenozoic 2													41.2
				Ypresian		Cenozoic 2										Bumbanian			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1									Gashatan				56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian												66
				Campanian		Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
				Santonian		Cretaceous 6													83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4													100.5
				Aptian		Cretaceous 3													113
				Barremian		Cretaceous 2													121.4
				Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2													125.77
				Valanginian		Cretaceous 1													132.6
				Berriasian		Cretaceous 1													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6													145
				Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5													149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian		Jurassic 4													165.3
				Bajocian		Jurassic 4													168.2
				Aalenian		Jurassic 3													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3													174.7
				Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2													184.2
				Sinemurian		Jurassic 1													192.9
				Hettangian		Jurassic 1													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4													201.4
				Norian		Triassic 4													208.5
				Carnian		Triassic 3													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
				Wordian															264.28
				Roadian		Permian 3													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2													273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian		Permian 1												Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5												Virgilian	298.9
Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
Moscovian				Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
Bashkirian				Atokan		315.2
Bashkirian				Morrowan		318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
	Hunneberg								473.7 *
	Hunneberg		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
	Varangu								481.3 *
	Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian					Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian					Cambrian 4			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian						Cambrian 4			Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan						Cambrian 3			Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3						Cambrian 2			Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1					529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635