PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian													Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian													Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †								Late Pliocene			Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian										Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			3.6
															Montehermosan			3.7 *
															Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
															Chasicoan			7.9 *
															Mayoan			9.9 *
															Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian									Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene					Sarmatian	11.63
																	Badenian	12.8 *
															Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian													Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian													Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene			Friasian			15.98
															Santacrucian			16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian													Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian													Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene			Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Lutetian													Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene			Riochican			56
															Itaboraian			56.9 *
															Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian										Early Paleocene			Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian									Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian									Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian									Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian									Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian									Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian									Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian									Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian									Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian									Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7								Jurassic 3
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian			Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Middle Famennian					365.3 *
			Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian			Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
			Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian			Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian					383.7 *
			Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian				Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian			Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian			Devonian 2	Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian			Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4			453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3					458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †		Ordovician 2			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian				Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Cambrian 5			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Cambrian 4	St Davids		497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1			529
																		538.8