PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian													Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan			56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian										66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †												254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
				Wordian															264.28
				Roadian															266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian														Bursumian †	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														Virgilian	298.9
				Kasimovian														Missourian	303.7
				Kasimovian														Desmoinesian	305.9 *
				Moscovian														Desmoinesian	307
				Moscovian														Atokan	312.7 *
				Bashkirian														Atokan	315.2
				Bashkirian														Morrowan	318.4 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian														Chesterian	323.2
Visean				330.9														Chesterian
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
				Middle Famennian						365.3 *
				Early Famennian						368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian				Adorf		372.2
				Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
				Early Frasnian						379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian				Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian						383.7 *
				Early Givetian						385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian				Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian				Emsian		393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *		Emsian
			Pragian	Pragian		Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
			Telychian			Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4							Uhaku
			Lasnamagi							458.9 *
			Aseri				460.4 *
			Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
							Varangu				481.3 *
							Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			500.5							Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																			635