PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian					Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †			Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
			Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
			Middle Famennian					365.3 *
			Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		Adorf			372.2
			Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
			Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		Givetian			382.7
			Middle Givetian					383.7 *
			Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian		Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
							Toyonian			510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
											525.5