PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian																		0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian																		0.129
				Calabrian																				0.774
				Gelasian																				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																				2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
				Tortonian																				7.246
				Serravallian																				11.63
				Langhian																				13.82
				Burdigalian																				15.98
				Aquitanian																				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																				33.9
				Bartonian																				37.71
				Lutetian																				41.2
				Ypresian																				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																				56
				Selandian																				59.2
				Danian																				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
				Campanian																				72.1
				Santonian																				83.6
				Coniacian																				86.3
				Turonian																				89.8
				Cenomanian																				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
				Aptian																				113
				Barremian																				121.4
				Hauterivian																				125.77
				Valanginian																				132.6
				Berriasian																				139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
				Kimmeridgian																				149.2
				Oxfordian																				154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
				Bathonian																				165.3
				Bajocian																				168.2
				Aalenian																				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
				Pliensbachian																				184.2
				Sinemurian																				192.9
				Hettangian																				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
				Norian																				208.5
				Carnian																				227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																				247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																				251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																				254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian																				259.51
				Wordian																				264.28
				Roadian																				266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian																				273.01
				Artinskian																				283.5
				Sakmarian																				290.1
				Asselian																				293.52
				Asselian									Kuzel											297.7
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																				298.9
																							Xiaodushanian	300 *
													Stephanian	Stephanian C										300.3 *
Stephanian B					300.9 *
Stephanian A					301.4 *
Stephanian A				Kasimovian	303.7
Cantabrian					305 *
					Dalaun	305.8 *
				Moscovian		307
Westphalian						Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
				Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
Namurian						Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
					Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
Visean				Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
Tournaisian				Ivorian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Tournaisian				Hastarian		Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
				Middle Givetian						383.7 *
				Early Givetian						385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian			Southwoodian			387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian			Southwoodian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian						410.8
				Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
	Aeronian		438.5
	Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian							Gamachian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian		Pirgu	445.2
										Richmondian		Pirgu	446 *
										Richmondian		Vormsi	449.6 *
										Maysvillian		Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Maysvillian		Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
										Edenian		Nabala			450.4 *
										Edenian	Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
			Mohawkian							Chatfieldian		Rakvere			451.1 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian										Keila		Idavere †	453
										Turinian		Keila			453.7 *
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
			Whiterockian									Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku				458.4
												Lasnamagi				458.9 *
												Aseri				460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
												Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
												Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian															467.3
										Rangerian							469.1 *
										Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian							Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
														Latorp †				470.1 *
												Hunneberg						473.7 *
										Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean								477.7
										Stairsian								480.3 *
										Stairsian		Varangu						481.3 *
										Skullrockian		Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
												Pakerort						482.2 *
																		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10															Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																							486.3 *
											486.5
											487.5
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian		489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian				Paibian					494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian		Wangcunian †			Ayusokkanian									497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian				Drumian					Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian					Amgan/Solvan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian					Amgan/Solvan									509
											Toyonian						Lenian †			510 *
											Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3				Nangaoian	514				Botomian
		Stage 3				Nangaoian	Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †					529
		Fortunian		Manykaian †		Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian															Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau			1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan			1375
																								1400