PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian			Lujanian			0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian			Lujanian			0.129
				Chibanian		Ionian			Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan			0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan			3.6
									Montehermosan			3.7 *
									Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
									Chasicoan			7.9 *
									Mayoan			9.9 *
									Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan			11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian					Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian			15.98
									Santacrucian			16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian			20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican			33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan			35.9 *
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan			41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan			47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican			56
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan			62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian		382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian	Southwoodian		Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian	Southwoodian		Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian		393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000						Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan						1375
												1400