PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian					Pannonian										7.246
		Serravallian					Sarmatian										11.63
		Serravallian					Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein										Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller										Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Leine										Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian														Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †												298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †												303.7
		Kasimovian															305.9
		Moscovian															307
		Bashkirian															315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian															323.2
		Visean															330.9
		Tournaisian															346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden									358.9
			Middle Famennian														365.3 *
			Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
			Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
			Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Givetian			382.7
			Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian					485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8