PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene		Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan							3.6
						Montehermosan							3.7 *
						Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
						Chasicoan							7.9 *
						Mayoan							9.9 *
						Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene		Laventan		Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian				Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene		Friasian							15.98
						Santacrucian							16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4					23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene		Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene		Tinguirirican		Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene		Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Riochican		Cenozoic 1					56
						Itaboraian							56.9 *
						Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene		Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4					100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
			Middle Famennian				365.3 *
			Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
			Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
			Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
			Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		Devonian 2		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Bringewood/Elton		421.3	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Eastonian				Kralodvorian		449 *
				Eastonian				Berounian		449.7 *
				Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
				Yapeenian				Arenigian				468
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian								470
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian	Ordovician 1			Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian	Ordovician 1			Tremadocian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
													538.8