PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene											0.129
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene											0.774
				Gelasian		Early Pleistocene											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene											5.333
				Tortonian		Late Miocene											7.246
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene											11.63
				Langhian		Middle Miocene											13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene											15.98
				Aquitanian		Early Miocene											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene											33.9
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene											37.71
				Lutetian		Middle Eocene											41.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene											56
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene											59.2
				Danian		Early Paleocene											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian												Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											Vokhmian		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
				Wordian											Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian											Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Artinskian													283.5
				Sakmarian													290.1
				Asselian													293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													298.9
				Kasimovian													303.7
				Moscovian													307
				Bashkirian													315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Southwoodian			387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	Southwoodian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
			Katian					Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
								Pirgu	Eastonian	449 *
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu	Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku	Darriwilian		458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Yapeenian			467.3
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
								Billingen	Castlemainian			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			470
									Chewtonian	Latorp †		470.1 *
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
	Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Hunneberg	473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg	477.7
								Varangu	481.3 *
								Pakerort	482.2 *
	Warendian								482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian				530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635