PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian						Pannonian		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Sarmatian		Clarendonian	11.63
								Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
								Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian				66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic				100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
			Podolskian	308.9 *
			Kashirian	311.4 *
			Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		358.9
			Middle Famennian		365.3 *
			Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
			Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
			Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			497
					Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
					Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	509
					Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
					Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian				514
					Atdabanian				515.6 *
					Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian				521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
											538.8