PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			Senonian	66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			Gallic	100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan									150
													Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian																				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
		Toarcian										Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian											Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian											Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian																				192.9
		Hettangian																				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian											Warepan									208.5
													Otamitan									217
													Oretian									221
		Carnian											Oretian									227
		Carnian										Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian											Etalian									238
		Anisian											Etalian									242
		Anisian											Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian											Nelsonian									249
		Induan											Nelsonian									251.2
		Induan										DUrville	Makarewan									251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Makarewan									251.902
		Changhsingian											Waiitian									253.2
		Wuchiapingian											Waiitian									254.14
		Wuchiapingian											Puruhauan									254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										Aparima	Flettian									259.51
		Wordian											Flettian									264.28
		Wordian											Barettian									266
		Roadian																				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																				273.01
		Kungurian											Mangapirian									276
		Artinskian											Mangapirian									283.5
													Telfordian									285
																						288.5
		Sakmarian																				290.1
		Asselian																				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																				298.9
		Gzhelian													Xiaodushanian							300 *
		Kasimovian													Xiaodushanian							303.7
		Kasimovian													Dalaun							305.8 *
		Moscovian																				307
		Bashkirian																				315.2
															Huashibanian							318.5 *
			Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
			Middle Famennian			365.3 *
			Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
			Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
			Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
			Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Southwoodian			387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	Southwoodian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †			470
		Floian						Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean						477.7
								Stairsian						480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †			482 *
											Demingian †			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																		489.5
																Aksaian				490.7 *
																Sakian				492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian													Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian													Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian		Waucoban †				509
															Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
													Dyeran		Toyonian			511 *
															Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3																514
													Montezuman					514.8 *
													Montezuman		Atdabanian			515.6 *
													Begadean		Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian										521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian										Manykaian †	529
																						538.8