PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Australia	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian						Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian						Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian						Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian							Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Middle Famennian				365.3 *
			Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
			Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian			Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian			Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Pragian	Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian			443.8
		Katian				Bolindian			445.2
						Eastonian			449 *
						Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian				Gisbornian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian				Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian			470
						Bendigonian			471.8 *
						Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian				Warendian			482.8 *
										485.4