PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian			3
		Zanclean								Waipipian			3.6
										Opoitian			3.7
										Opoitian		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
									Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
										Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian			13.82
										Clifdenian			15.1
									Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
										Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian			23.03
										Duntroonian			25.2
										Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
									Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Kaiatan			36.7
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											37.71
										Bortonian			39.1
												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
										Heretaungan			45.7
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
										Mangaorapan			48.9
										Mangaorapan		Wasatchian	50.5
										Waipawan		Wasatchian	52
										Waipawan		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	Srbsko	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *	Chotec
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Kralodvorian				Eastonian		449 *
				Berounian				Eastonian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	453
			Zahorany †/Vinice							Letna †	456.2 *
			Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian			458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
			Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †					Yapeenian			467.3
				Arenigian				Yapeenian			468
								Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			470
								Bendigonian			471.8 *
								Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Warendian			482.8 *
													485.4