PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene						Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †			Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene					Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene					Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene							15.98
															Hemingfordian		16.3
															Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			Kekeamuan				27.82
															Whitneyan		29.5
															Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene				Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
															Wasatchian		50.5
															Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene			Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene			Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene					Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene					Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian							449.3 *
					Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Cheneyan	451.5 *
			Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Actonian †							453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †								455.2 *
			Aurelucian	Longvillian †								456.8 *
			Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian		470
				Whitlandian		471.1 *
				Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †						497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
																	509