PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of China			Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian								Pannonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Sarmatian			Clarendonian	11.63
										Sarmatian			Barstovian	12.5
										Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	Southwoodian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	Southwoodian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									St Davids		497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
														538.8