PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian								Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan			56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian				66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic				100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Tatarian	Vyatkian					256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian					266.9
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian					273.01
							Filipovian					276.5 *
							Saraninian					280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian					283.5
							Irginian					285.9 *
							Burtsevian					287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian					290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian					291.7 *
		Asselian		Bursumian †		Asselian	Shikhanian					293.52
							Uskalykian					294.8
							Surenian					297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian								298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian								303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian								305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian								307
		Moscovian		Atokan								312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan								315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan								318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Middle Famennian						365.3 *
			Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
			Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian						Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian							383.7 *
			Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian						Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian						Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8