PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
						Planulata							179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
						Kanense							181.3 *
						Carlottense							182.3 *
						Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae							184.2
						Freboldi							185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Autunian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †		Kuzel					298.9
					Stephanian					Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian							303.7
				Khamovnikian							304.8
				Khamovnikian						Cantabrian	305 *
				Krevyakinian							305.8 *
				Krevyakinian							305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian							307
				Myachkovian	Westphalian					Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
				Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
				Kashirian							311.4 *
				Vereian							313.8
				Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
				Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian							315.2
				Cheremshanian							316.9 *
				Cheremshanian						Westphalian A	317 *
				Prikamian						Westphalian A	318.6 *
				Prikamian	Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
				Severokeltmian						Yeadonian	319.9 *
				Severokeltmian						Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian						Marsdenian	321.2 *
				Krasnopolyanian						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
				Voznesenian						Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian						Chokierian	323.2
				Zapaltjubian						Arnsbergian	324 *
				Protvian							324.4 *
				Steshevian							326.8 *
				Steshevian						Pendleian	327.4 *
				Tarusian						Pendleian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	Warnantian					Brigantian †	330.9
				Mikhailovian							331.9 *
				Aleksinian							333.7 *
				Tulian							335.8 *
				Tulian	Livian					Asbian †	336.3 *
				Bobrikian	Livian					Asbian †	339.9 *
				Bobrikian	Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Radaevkian	Moliniacian		343.4 *			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	Ivorian					346.7
				Kizelian		350.7 *
				Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Cherepetian	Hastarian	353.7 *
				Karakubian		354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
				Middle Famennian						365.3 *
				Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				Adorf		372.2
				Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
				Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian						383.7 *
				Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian						Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran								514
			Montezuman								514.8 *
			Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8