PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean		0.129
													Irvingtonian		0.21
											Castlecliffian				0.34
				Calabrian											0.774
													Blancan		1.4
											Nukumaruan				1.63
				Gelasian							Nukumaruan				1.8
				Gelasian							Mangapanian				2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian				2.58
				Piacenzian							Waipipian				3
				Zanclean							Waipipian				3.6
											Opoitian				3.7
											Opoitian		Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan				7.2
				Tortonian											7.246
													Clarendonian		9.4
										Southland	Waiauan				11.04
				Serravallian											11.63
													Barstovian		12.5
											Lillburnian				13.05
				Langhian							Lillburnian				13.82
											Clifdenian				15.1
										Pareora	Altonian				15.9
				Burdigalian											15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
											Otaian				18.7
				Aquitanian							Otaian				20.44
				Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian				21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian				23.03
											Duntroonian				25.2
											Whaingaroan				27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian		33.9
										Arnold	Runangan				34.6
											Kaiatan				36.7
													Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian											37.71
											Bortonian				39.1
													Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian											41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
											Heretaungan				45.7
													Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian											47.8
											Mangaorapan				48.9
											Mangaorapan		Wasatchian		50.5
											Waipawan		Wasatchian		52
											Waipawan		Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian		Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian									Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian									Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian									Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian									Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian									Puercan		63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian						Wordian	264.28
			Roadian						Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	293.52
			Asselian							Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
											Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian										Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
											Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
													Westphalian C	309.8
													Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A							317 *
						Namurian					Yeadonian		318.8 *
											Marsdenian		320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
											Alportian		322 *
											Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
											Arnsbergian		324 *
											Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian					Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Livian					Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian						Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian						Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian								358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000
		Ectasian						1200
		Calymmian						1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian						1600
		Orosirian						1800
		Rhyacian						2050
		Siderian						2300
Archean	Neoarchean							2500
	Mesoarchean							2800
	Paleoarchean							3200
	Eoarchean							3600
Hadean								4000
															4600