PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Permian Subages of Germany	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
				Zanclean								3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian						Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian								15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian						Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian							Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian						Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian						Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Aptian						Cretaceous 3		113
				Barremian						Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian						Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian						Cretaceous 1		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6		145
				Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5		149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian						Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian						Jurassic 4		168.2
				Aalenian						Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3		174.7
				Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2		184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian	Leine		264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †		303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
						Middle Famennian				365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian			Late Frasnian	Frasnian	Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
						Middle Givetian				383.7 *
						Early Givetian				385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian	Couvinien	Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian		Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian		Emsian	Devonian 2	398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian		Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
			Pragian			Pragian	Coblencien	Siegen		408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian						Ordovician 5	445.2
			Sandbian						Ordovician 4	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Ordovician 3	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Cambrian 5	485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian						Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan						Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3						Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian		2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
												4600