PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian								66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic								100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
						Planulata							179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
						Kanense							181.3 *
						Carlottense							182.3 *
						Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae							184.2
						Freboldi							185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian									259.51
		Wordian		Midian									264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian									266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian									273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian									279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian									283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian									286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian											323.2
		Visean											330.9
		Tournaisian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian										358.9
			Middle Famennian										365.3 *
			Early Famennian										368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						372.2
			Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
			Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian						382.7
			Middle Givetian						383.7 *
			Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian						387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian						390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian						393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian						398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian						410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian			Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
		Telychian			Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian				453			Chatfieldian
						Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				485.4
													487.5