PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128010 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Permian of the Pamirs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean												Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian	41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian								Bumbanian				Heretaungan	47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
														Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan					Teurian	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian												Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
														Mangaotanean	90.5
														Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan	93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
														Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic			Motuan	100.5
														Urutawan	103.3
													Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian												Korangan	113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian									Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian					264.28
						Noginskian	264.9 *
					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
					Kubergandian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
					Yakhtashian		286
					Yakhtashian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian		293.52
		Asselian			Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
							Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian						303.7
						Khamovnikian						304.8
						Khamovnikian					Cantabrian	305 *
						Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
						Myachkovian	Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Podolskian			Westphalian D	308.9 *
						Podolskian			Westphalian C	309.8
						Kashirian				311.4 *
						Vereian				313.8
						Vereian			Westphalian B	314.6
						Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
						Cheremshanian				316.9 *
						Cheremshanian			Westphalian A	317 *
						Prikamian			Westphalian A	318.6 *
						Prikamian	Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Severokeltmian			Yeadonian	319.9 *
						Severokeltmian			Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Krasnopolyanian			Marsdenian	321.2 *
						Krasnopolyanian			Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Voznesenian			Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Zapaltjubian			Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Steshevian	Pendleian		327.4 *
			Tarusian	Pendleian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Warnantian		Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian					331.9 *
			Aleksinian					333.7 *
			Tulian					335.8 *
			Tulian	Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
			Bobrikian	Livian		Asbian †		339.9 *
			Bobrikian	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Radaevkian	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian					350.7 *
			Cherepetian					351.9 *
			Cherepetian	Hastarian				353.7 *
			Karakubian					354.4 *
			Upinian					356.3 *
			Malevkian					357.6 *
			Gumerovian					358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian						Famennian	358.9
			Middle Famennian							365.3 *
			Early Famennian							368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
			Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian						Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian							383.7 *
			Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian						Couvinien	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian							390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian							393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian							398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian							407.6
		Pragian	Pragian		Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
															419.2