PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian								Lujanian						0.129
				Chibanian								Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian								Ensenadan						0.774
				Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian								Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean						2.58
				Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean								Chapadmalalan						3.6
												Montehermosan						3.7 *
												Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan						7.9 *
												Mayoan						9.9 *
												Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian								Laventan						11.63
				Serravallian								Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian								Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian								Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian								Friasian						15.98
												Santacrucian						16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian						20.44
				Aquitanian								Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
				Rupelian								Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian								Tinguirirican						33.9
				Priabonian								Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Lutetian								Mustersan						41.9 *
				Ypresian								Mustersan						47.8
				Ypresian								Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Riochican						56
												Itaboraian						56.9 *
												Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
				Danian								Tiupampan						62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan									145
				Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan									150
									Heterian									154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Callovian					Temaikan									164.3
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
					Puruhauan	254.2
					Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Urzhumian			Barettian	266
			Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Sarginian	Telfordian	285
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
						Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
								Middle Famennian						365.3 *
								Early Famennian						368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
								Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
								Early Frasnian						379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian							383.7 *
								Early Givetian							385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian	Couvinien		Southwoodian			Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian			Southwoodian			Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Pragian					Pragian	Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian							412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian							415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli													419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian												423
		Ludlow	Gorstian												425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian												427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian												430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian												433.4
			Aeronian												438.5
			Rhuddanian												440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
Katian			445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian			720
		Tonian			Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau		1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan		1375
																		1400