PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene					2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian				Late Miocene					7.246
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian				Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene					15.98
				Aquitanian				Early Miocene					20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
				Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.4
				Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons							180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
				Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							184.2
				Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
				Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian									208.5
				Carnian									227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
				Wordian									264.28
				Roadian									266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
				Artinskian									283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	Eifelian				390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Emsian				393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	Emsian				398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
			Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian		490.7 *
							Sakian		492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian	499.5
			Drumian			Mayan/Menevian	500.5
			Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan	509
						Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3			Botomian			514
	Atdabanian		Stage 3				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
													4600