PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean						Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian						Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Hemingfordian							16.3
							Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
							Whitneyan							29.5
							Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian							47.8
							Wasatchian							50.5
							Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian					Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
									Middle Givetian			383.7 *
									Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	Southwoodian		387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	Southwoodian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean								493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran	Stage 5 †				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran					Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8