PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian					MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15									3.6
							MN 14									4.2
							MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
							MN 11									7.75
							MN 10									8.7
							MN 9									9.7
							MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5	MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4									15.98
							MN 3									16.9
							MN 2									20
		Aquitanian					MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4							Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian				Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									Late Bajocian			168.2
					Humphresianum								Late Bajocian			168.4
					Humphresianum								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Jurassic 3							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Late Toarcian			174.7
					Late Toarcian			180.1
					Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Middle Toarcian			182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
						Griesbachian		251.4 *
						Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Permian 3		Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
					Middle Famennian				365.3 *
					Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
					Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
					Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
					Middle Givetian				383.7 *
					Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian			Devonian 2	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian				410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian			443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
					Dobrotivian						458.5 *
					Oretanian						459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5						Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean						493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Dyeran						514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
						Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																538.8