PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
					Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian		27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
					Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
					Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Puercan									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan											150
				Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Buntsandstein	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian				Leine		264.28
							Noginskian	264.9 *
				Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Mangapirian				276
							Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
					Podolskian		308.9 *
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Pusgillian	449.5
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
			Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Actonian †						453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †							455.2 *
			Aurelucian	Longvillian †							456.8 *
			Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian				Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
							Migneintian	Lianghekou †			477.9 *
							Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
															485.4