PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan					Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
					Hemingfordian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
					Arikareean					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
											Monroecreekian				23.1 *
											Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
					Wasatchian					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
					Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Puercan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan											150
				Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
				Barettian			266
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
						Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
						Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan				Ohesaare	419.2
					Cayugan				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran				Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan				Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8