PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean		Tertiary †					2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan							3.6
							Montehermosan							3.7 *
							Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian									7.246
							Chasicoan							7.9 *
							Mayoan							9.9 *
							Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian			Sarmatian									11.63
					Badenian									12.8 *
					Badenian		Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian					Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian							15.98
							Santacrucian							16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican							56
							Itaboraian							56.9 *
							Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian		113
		Aptian										Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan								Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian		154.5						Early Kimmeridgian
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					164.3
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan		Late Toarcian		176
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian			Meishanian			Melekhovian	251.902
				Waiitian				Meishanian				253.2
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	Laoshanian	Zechstein			254.14
				Puruhauan				Laoshanian				254.2
				Puruhauan				Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian			Lengwuan	Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian				264.28
											Noginskian	264.9 *
				Barettian								266
					Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian			Luodianian				273.01
				Mangapirian								276
											Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
					Bolorian							279.8
		Artinskian							Autunian			283.5
				Telfordian								285
								Longlinian				285.4 *
					Yakhtashian							286
											Rusavkinian	287.6 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Asselian			Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian										300.1
		Kasimovian									Dorogomilovian	303.7
										Khamovnikian	304.8
										Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian								Myachkovian	307
										Podolskian	308.9 *
										Kashirian	311.4 *
										Vereian	313.8
										Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian								Melekessian	315.2
										Cheremshanian	316.9 *
										Prikamian	318.6 *
										Severokeltmian	319.9 *
										Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
										Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Zapaltjubian	323.2
										Protvian	324.4 *
										Steshevian	326.8 *
										Tarusian	329 *
		Visean								Venevian	330.9
										Mikhailovian	331.9 *
										Aleksinian	333.7 *
										Tulian	335.8 *
										Bobrikian	339.9 *
										Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian								Kosvian	346.7
										Kizelian	350.7 *
										Cherepetian	351.9 *
										Karakubian	354.4 *
										Upinian	356.3 *
										Malevkian	357.6 *
										Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian	509
		Stage 3				Branchian	514
		Stage 3			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
														538.8