PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mammal Paleogene Zones		Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of North America					Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Chibanian																Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian																Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian																Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian																Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian																Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian																Waipipian			3
		Zanclean																Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean																Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian															Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian																Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian																Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian															Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian																Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian																Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian																Lillburnian			13.82
																		Clifdenian			15.1
																	Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian																Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian																Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian																Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian															Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25												Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
																		Duntroonian			25.2
																		Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21														Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
																	Arnold	Runangan			34.6
																		Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian			MP 16													Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian			MP 16													Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11													Bortonian			41.2
																	Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
																		Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7													Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
																		Mangaorapan			48.9
																		Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5												Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian																Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian																Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian															Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
																		Mangaotanean			90.5
																		Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian																Arowhanan			93.9
																	Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
																		Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Motuan			100.5
																		Urutawan			103.3
																	Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian																Korangan			113
		Aptian																			117.5
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan				150
				Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan				176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan				184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian		Warepan				208.5
				Otamitan				217
				Oretian				221
		Carnian		Oretian				227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan				237
		Ladinian		Etalian				238
		Anisian		Etalian				242
		Anisian		Malakovian				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian				Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian					249
		Induan		Nelsonian					251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan					251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan					251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		Rawtheyan	445.2
									Richmondian		Rawtheyan	446 *
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Eastonian					Cautleyan	449 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian					451.1 *
											Cheneyan			451.5 *
						Gisbornian					Cheneyan			452 *
											Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
												Actonian †		453.2 *
									Turinian			Actonian †		453.7 *
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
							Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
						Yapeenian				Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
						Castlemainian										468.5 *
						Castlemainian			Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †						Cassinian †	470
						Chewtonian					Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Bendigonian										471.8 *
						Lancefieldian										473.5 *
			Tulean	473.9 *
				Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc				Migneintian		477.7
			Stairsian					Migneintian		480.3 *
			Stairsian					Cressagian		480.8 *
			Skullrockian		Demingian †					482 *
						Warendian				482.8 *
						Warendian				485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
																					487.5