PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15									3.6
					MN 14									4.2
					MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
					MN 11									7.75
					MN 10									8.7
					MN 9									9.7
					MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4									15.98
					MN 3									16.9
					MN 2									20
		Aquitanian			MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian			150
				Ohauan							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Heterian							Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian			174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan							Late Toarcian			176
											Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
											Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	188.9
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
				Etalian		Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	246	Aegean
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
				Barettian			266
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			500.5						Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran							514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8