PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of North America		Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan									150
				Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan									176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran									188.9
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian									201.4
		Norian		Warepan									208.5
				Otamitan									217
				Oretian									221
		Carnian		Oretian									227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan									227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan									237
		Ladinian		Etalian									238
		Anisian		Etalian									242
		Anisian		Malakovian									246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian									247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian									249
		Induan		Nelsonian									251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan								Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
								265.3 *
				Barettian				266
					Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb		Roadian	266.9
		Roadian					Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian				Cathedralian	276
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
				Telfordian					285
				Telfordian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Nealian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian	489.5
											Aksaian	490.7 *
											Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian									Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan									Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian		509
											Toyonian	510 *
											Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian	514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian	521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian			529
													538.8