PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages	Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian													Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian													Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian													Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian													Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian													Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan												149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan												150
				Heterian												154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan												164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian							Humphresianum			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				176
												Planulata				179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
																180.1
												Kanense				181.3 *
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Kanense				182
												Carlottense				182.3 *
												Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Kunae				184.2
												Freboldi				185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
				Aratauran								Whiteavesi/Imlayi				188.9
																189.2 *
												Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi								192.9
												Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
												Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
				Barettian		266
					Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian	Kubergandian	276
					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				283.5
				Telfordian		285
				Telfordian	Yakhtashian	286
					Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian					358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian					372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian					382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian				410.8
					Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian		443.8
		Katian						Bolindian		445.2
								Eastonian		449 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian						Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian		470
								Bendigonian		471.8 *
								Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian						Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian						Paibian			494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian	530.7
																538.8