PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian				Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene					0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian								Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean				Waipipian								Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian								Early Pliocene					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian													13.82
						Clifdenian													15.1
					Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian								Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								Late Oligocene			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
						Duntroonian													25.2
						Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan													34.6
						Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan								Middle Eocene			MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian											MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
						Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan								Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
						Mangaorapan													48.9
						Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian								Late Paleocene			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian				Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
						Mangaotanean													90.5
						Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan													93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
						Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan													100.5
						Urutawan													103.3
					Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian				Korangan													113
		Aptian																	117.5
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan			150
				Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan			176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Warepan			208.5
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian			227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan			237
		Ladinian		Etalian			238
		Anisian		Etalian			242
		Anisian		Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian			247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
		Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian			Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
					Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Oretanian					459.7 *
						Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian					470
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
												Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian			Paibian											494
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
										Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian					Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian			Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian			Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian							Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian											509
												Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
												Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian							Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian							Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian	Tommotian	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									Manykaian †	530.7
																			538.8