PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan				56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan																145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan																149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan																150
				Heterian																154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan																164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan																176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan																184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran																188.9
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian																201.4
		Norian		Warepan																208.5
				Otamitan																217
				Oretian																221
		Carnian		Oretian																227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan																227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan																237
		Ladinian		Etalian																238
		Anisian		Etalian																242
		Anisian		Malakovian																246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian																247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian																249
		Induan		Nelsonian																251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan																251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan																251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian																253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian																254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan																254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian																259.51
		Wordian		Flettian																264.28
		Wordian		Barettian																266
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian																276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian																283.5
				Telfordian																285
																				288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
													Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				486.3 *
									486.5
									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian					489.5
											Aksaian				490.7 *
											Sakian				492.2 *
									Steptoean						493 *
		Paibian								Paibian					494
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan											Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Duyunian			Waucoban †		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
					Toyonian				Dyeran	511 *
					Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3								Nangaoian			514
									Montezuman				514.8 *
					Atdabanian				Montezuman				515.6 *
					Atdabanian				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
																				538.8