PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene						15.98
																Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
																Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene						23.03
																		Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																		Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene				Geringian		27.82
																Whitneyan				29.5
																Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene		Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene		Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian												Late Paleocene		Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian												Early Paleocene		Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian												Early Paleocene		Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Senonian					66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Gallic					100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian													Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan																145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan																149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan																150
				Heterian																154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan																164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
				Puruhauan	254.2
				Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Urzhumian	266
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian	276
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Telfordian		Sarginian	285
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
						Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Datsonian	485.4
														Payntonian	486.8 *
														Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Iverian	489.5
		Paibian												Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian												Boomerangian	499
		Drumian												Undillan	500.5
		Drumian												Floran	503
		Wuliuan												Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan												Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4												Ordian	509
																				510.8 *