PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of China		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Britain			Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian																			11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																			33.9
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian																			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																			56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian												66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan																	145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan																	149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan																	150
				Heterian																	154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan																	164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan																	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan																	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran																	188.9
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian																	201.4
		Norian		Warepan																	208.5
				Otamitan																	217
				Oretian																	221
		Carnian		Oretian																	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan																	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan																	237
		Ladinian		Etalian																	238
		Anisian		Etalian																	242
		Anisian		Malakovian																	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian																	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian																	249
		Induan		Nelsonian																	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan																	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan																	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian																	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian															Longtanian †		254.14
				Puruhauan																	254.2
				Puruhauan						Tatarian	Vyatkian										256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Urzhumian		266
		Roadian			Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Mangapirian			Irenian/Ufimian	276
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
				Telfordian			Sarginian	285
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
							Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Bursumian †		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
								Uskalykian		294.8
								Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		Chesterian			323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		Chesterian			330.9
							Meramecian			335.8 *
							Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli									Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill		Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Cautleyan				448.9 *
												Pusgillian				449.3 *
										Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
												Streffordian		Berounian			449.7 *
												Cheneyan					451.5 *
												Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian															453
																Actonian †	453.2 *
																Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
																Longvillian †		455.2 *
																		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Aurelucian						456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
														Dobrotivian				458.5 *
														Oretanian				459.7 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
															Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian													Klabava †				467.3
														Arenigian					468
						Arenig				Fennian									468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian									470
										Whitlandian									471.1 *
			Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian		Tremadocian								477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian										480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean								Taoyuanian †					485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian				Paibian		494
		Paibian				Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †					497
		Drumian				Drumian		Wangcunian †						500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian								Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian													509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian													521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian													529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian													530.7
																					538.8