PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of North America	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian			0.0117
				Chibanian								0.129
				Calabrian								0.774
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean			2.58
				Zanclean					Yushean			3.6
				Zanclean					Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian					Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian					Tunggurian			11.63
				Langhian					Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian					Shanwangian			15.98
				Burdigalian					Xiejiaan			16.9
				Aquitanian					Xiejiaan			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Ypresian								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								56
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan						145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan						150
						Heterian						154.5
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan						164.3
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan						176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan						184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran						188.9
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
				Norian		Warepan						208.5
						Otamitan						217
						Oretian						221
				Carnian		Oretian						227
				Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan						227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan						237
				Ladinian		Etalian						238
				Anisian		Etalian						242
				Anisian		Malakovian						246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian						247.2
				Olenekian		Nelsonian						249
Induan				251.2		Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Meishanian	Melekhovian		251.902
					Waiitian		Meishanian			253.2
							Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian			254.14
					Puruhauan		Laoshanian			254.2
					Puruhauan		Laibinian			257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan			259.51
			Wordian			Leine	Kuhfengian			264.28
								Noginskian		264.9 *
					Barettian					266
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian			273.01
					Mangapirian					276
								Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian				285
							Longlinian		285.4 *
								Rusavkinian	287.6 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
			Gzhelian						300.1
			Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
								Vereian	313.8
								Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian	316.9 *
								Prikamian	318.6 *
								Severokeltmian	319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
								Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Zapaltjubian	323.2
								Protvian	324.4 *
								Steshevian	326.8 *
								Tarusian	329 *
			Visean					Venevian	330.9
								Mikhailovian	331.9 *
								Aleksinian	333.7 *
								Tulian	335.8 *
								Bobrikian	339.9 *
								Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian					Kosvian	346.7
								Kizelian	350.7 *
								Cherepetian	351.9 *
								Karakubian	354.4 *
								Upinian	356.3 *
								Malevkian	357.6 *
								Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
Wenlock		Homerian	427.4
Wenlock		Sheinwoodian	430.5
Llandovery		Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †			497
		Drumian	Marjumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
												635