PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of the Salt Range
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian			0.0117
				Chibanian											Ionian			0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Serravallian														11.63
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian							66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic							100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian							Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan												149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan												150
						Heterian												154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan												164.3
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan												176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan												184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran												188.9
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
				Norian		Warepan												208.5
						Otamitan												217
						Oretian												221
				Carnian		Oretian												227
				Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan												227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan												237
				Ladinian		Etalian												238
				Anisian		Etalian												242
				Anisian		Malakovian												246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian												247.2
				Olenekian		Nelsonian												249
				Induan		Nelsonian												251.2
				Induan	DUrville	Makarewan											Kathwai	251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
Chhidru							252.9 *
						Waiitian	253.2
				Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
						Puruhauan	254.2
Kalabagh							255 *
Wargal							256 *
							Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian	259.51
				Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
									265.3 *
						Barettian			266
Amb									266.1 *
Amb				Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
Sokian				Roadian			Kazanian		270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian		276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
						Telfordian	Sarginian		285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
			Visean						Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian		Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian								Lockportian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
														440.7 *
			Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
	Katian		445.2
	Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635