PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Britain			Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian											Castlecliffian	0.34
				Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
				Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
				Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
				Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian		Mangapanian	2.58
													Villanyian		Waipipian	3
													Ruscinian			3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
				Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
													Vallesian			8.7
													Vallesian	Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				Serravallian									Astaracian		Waiauan	11.63
				Serravallian											Lillburnian	13.05
				Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
				Burdigalian									Orleanian		Altonian	15.98
													Orleanian		Otaian	18.7
													Agenian			20
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
				Bartonian											Kaiatan	37.71
				Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
				Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
				Ypresian											Heretaungan	47.8
															Mangaorapan	48.9
															Waipawan	52
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian	56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian	66
				Campanian											Haumurian	72.1
				Santonian											Piripauan	83.6
				Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
															Mangaotanean	90.5
															Arowhanan	93.7
				Cenomanian											Arowhanan	93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
															Motuan	99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan	100.5
															Urutawan	103.3
														Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Aptian											Korangan	113
				Aptian												117.5
Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian		Etalian		238
			Anisian		Etalian		242
			Anisian		Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
			Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian			264.28
					Barettian			266
							Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
					Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
							Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian					283.5
					Telfordian			285
					Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
							Yakhtashian	288.5
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
			Telychian			Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
								Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
								Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
			Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
										Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
											Kukruse			456.4 *
								Aurelucian						456.8 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian													457.4 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri		461.3 *
									Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig			Fennian								468.4 *
											Billingen			469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian												470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
						Whitlandian								471.1 *
				Hunneberg	473.7 *	Whitlandian
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian	477.7
					Cressagian	480.8 *
				Varangu		481.3 *
				Pakerort		482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian					485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian										Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau			1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan			1375
																1400