PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian							Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian							Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian				Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic				Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian				Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan					Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan						Late Kimmeridgian			150
				Ohauan						Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Heterian						Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian			174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan						Late Toarcian			176
										Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
										Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran					Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			188.9
		Sinemurian							Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian							Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian					Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
				Otamitan			217
				Oretian			221
		Carnian		Oretian		Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan			Tuvalian	227.5
							Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
				Etalian			Longobardian	238
							Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian			Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
							Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian			Smithian	249
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan			Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian					254.14
				Puruhauan					254.2
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
				Barettian					266
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Permian 3		Amb	266.9
		Roadian				Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas				427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		Cambrian 2		514
							Montezuman				514.8 *
							Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1		529
													538.8