PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Tertiary †								Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene										Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene									Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene										Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene											33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene											41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene											56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan												149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan												150
				Heterian												154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan												164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan												176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan												184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran												188.9
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian		Warepan												208.5
				Otamitan												217
				Oretian												221
		Carnian		Oretian												227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan												227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan												237
		Ladinian		Etalian												238
		Anisian		Etalian												242
		Anisian		Malakovian												246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian												247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
				Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan					254.2
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
				Barettian					266
						Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb			266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian					276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian					283.5
				Telfordian					285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																538.8