PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian Subages	European Faunal Zones	Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene			MN 17						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene			MN 16					Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene			MN 15						3.2
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene			MN 15						3.6
										MN 14						4.2
										MN 13					Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene			MN 13						5.333
				Tortonian						MN 12						7.246
										MN 11						7.75
										MN 10						8.7
										MN 9						9.7
										MN 7 + 8					Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene			MN 7 + 8						11.63
				Serravallian						MN 6						12.8 *
				Langhian						MN 5					Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene			MN 4					Shanwangian	15.98
										MN 3					Xiejiaan	16.9
										MN 2						20
				Aquitanian						MN 2						20.44
				Aquitanian						MN 1						22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene									23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene									33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene									37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene									41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene									47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene									56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene									59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan										150
						Heterian										154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan										164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan										176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan										184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran										188.9
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
				Norian		Warepan										208.5
						Otamitan										217
						Oretian										221
Carnian				227		Oretian
Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
Middle Triassic			Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
Early Triassic			Olenekian		Malakovian	Vokhmian		247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
			Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian	266
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
					Mangapirian				Cathedralian		276
									Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
					Telfordian						285
					Telfordian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian				365.3 *
							Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
							Early Frasnian				379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian			Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian				383.7 *
							Early Givetian				385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian			Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian			Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian									Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
												Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
												Haljala		453.9
												Kukruse		456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		458.4
												Lasnamagi		458.9 *
												Aseri		460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
Volkhov												Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
Volkhov			Dapingian											467.3
Billingen			Dapingian											469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
Hunneberg														473.7 *
Hunneberg			Tremadocian											477.7
Varangu														481.3 *
Pakerort						482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
			Drumian	500.5
			Wuliuan	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	509
		Series 2	Stage 3	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian						635
			Tonian						720
			Tonian					Karatau	800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau	1000
			Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
			Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
			Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
																1400