PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian								Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian								Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian								Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian		113
		Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan												Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian												Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan												Late Toarcian		176
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian														201.4
		Norian		Warepan												Sevatian		208.5
																Alaunian		213.2 *
																Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
								Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
										Adavere	434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
								Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †			Pirgu	445.2
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								Pirgu	449.5
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian											Keila	Idavere †	453
			Haljala	453.9
			Kukruse	456.4 *
			Uhaku	Aluoja †									457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku		Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
			Lasnamagi										458.9 *
			Aseri										460.4 *
			Oeland									Kunda	462.9 *
				Valaste †/Hunderum									464.3 *
								Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
												Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian							Volkhov		467.3
		Dapingian			Dapingian							Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian									470
				Latorp †										470.1 *
												Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian									477.7
										Lianghekou †				477.9 *
												Varangu		481.3 *
												Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian		Pakerort			485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
										Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian					489.5
		Paibian								Idamean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan					497
										Mindyallan					Arcadian	498.4
							Boomerangian			499
		Drumian					Undillan			500.5
		Drumian				Floran	503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan				Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian	Branchian			509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3								514
		Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
																		538.8