PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America					Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean														0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian														0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian														0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan														1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian														4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian														9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian														11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian														12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
								Hemingfordian														16.3
								Arikareean														18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
		Rupelian																				27.82
								Whitneyan														29.5
								Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian														33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean														37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian														46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian														47.8
								Wasatchian														50.5
								Clarkforkian														54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian														56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian														56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian														59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian														60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian														61.6
		Danian						Puercan														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan																		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan																		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan																		150
				Heterian																		154.5
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan																		164.3
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
				Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Urzhumian				266
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
				Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian			276
						Filipovian			276.5 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
				Telfordian		Sarginian			285
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
						Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian		Gamachian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Richmondian		Kralodvorian		446 *
										Richmondian		Berounian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian					450.4 *
								Mohawkian		Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian					453
										Turinian					453.7 *
										Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Whiterockian						Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
													Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																458.4
												Dobrotivian						458.5 *
												Oretanian						459.7 *
													Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †					467.3
												Arenigian						468
										Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †							Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				Tremadocian						477.7
								Stairsian										480.3 *
								Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian										485.4
		Stage 10																487.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
		Paibian																494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian																	Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																		500.5
		Wuliuan																		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian																509
		Stage 3	Branchian																514
		Stage 3	Placentian																517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																						538.8