PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Australia	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian					Pannonian							7.246
				Tortonian					Pannonian			Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian					Sarmatian			Clarendonian				11.63
									Sarmatian			Barstovian				12.5
									Badenian							12.8 *
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian								Bridgerian				47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian								Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian	66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic	100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian											Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										145
				Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan										150
						Heterian										154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan										164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
Bajocian				168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
			Tremadocian			Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
							Payntonian					486.8 *
							Payntonian					Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Iverian						489.5
						Aksaian			Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian			Sakian				492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Idamean						494
			Paibian				Idamean				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian	Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
						Ayusokkanian	Boomerangian			Ayusokkanian			499
							Boomerangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian			Zhanaarykian	Undillan						500.5
			Drumian			Tuesaian	Floran						503
			Wuliuan			Tuesaian	Templetonian	Topazan		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
								Topazan					505.3
								Delamaran					506.5
							Ordian						507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †				509
Toyonian						Toyonian				Lenian †	510 *
											510.8 *
								Dyeran			511 *
Botomian						Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3								514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
Atdabanian						Atdabanian		Montezuman			515.6 *
Atdabanian						Atdabanian		Begadean			519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian			Tommotian					521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran		Wonokan †	571.7 *				Vendian †
																635