PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian								100.5
										Middle Albian								106.2 *
										Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian								113
		Aptian								Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian								139.8
										Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
										Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan						Late Kimmeridgian								150
				Ohauan						Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
				Heterian						Early Kimmeridgian								154.5
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								164.3
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian								174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan						Late Toarcian								176
										Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
										Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								188.9
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian														201.4
		Norian		Warepan						Sevatian								208.5
										Alaunian								213.2 *
										Lacian								216.7 *
				Otamitan														217
				Oretian														221
		Carnian		Oretian						Tuvalian								227
			Gore	Kaihikuan						Tuvalian								227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
		Moscovian								307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan		445.2
											Cautleyan		448.9 *
											Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
											Pusgillian		449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Gisbornian						Cheneyan	452 *
											Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †							455.2 *
						Longvillian †					Aurelucian		456.8 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Yapeenian		467.3
					Arenig	Fennian					Yapeenian		468.4 *
			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
			Chewtonian	Whitlandian		471.1 *
			Bendigonian			471.8 *
			Lancefieldian			473.5 *
				Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
					Cressagian	480.8 *
			Warendian			482.8 *
						Mansian †					483.55 *
						Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian			Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian							489.5
								Aksaian							490.7 *
								Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian												494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
						Waergangian †/Youshuanian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian			Wangcunian †		Series 3 †			Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian	Drumian								Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian								Stage 5 †					Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian													Amgan/Solvan	509
													Toyonian			Lenian †	510 *
													Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian										Botomian				514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian										Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian										Tommotian				521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian				530.7						Manykaian †
																		538.8