PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America					Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian														Late Aptian		113
				Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan												Late Kimmeridgian		150
						Ohauan												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
						Heterian												Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
				Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Callovian		Temaikan												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
				Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras						Late Bajocian		168.2
												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						Late Bajocian		168.4
												Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						Late Toarcian		174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								176
												Planulata								179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
												Kanense								181.3 *
												Carlottense								182.3 *
												Carlottense						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
												Kunae						Early Toarcian		183.5 *
				Pliensbachian								Kunae						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
												Freboldi								185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Aratauran						Whiteavesi/Imlayi								188.9
																				189.2 *
												Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
				Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
												Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
												Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
				Hettangian								Franziceras/Euphyllites						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian														201.4
				Norian		Warepan												Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
						Otamitan														217
						Oretian														221
				Carnian		Oretian												Tuvalian		227
					Gore	Kaihikuan												Tuvalian		227.5
																		Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Longobardian		237
						Etalian												Longobardian		238
																		Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian														Illyrian		242
Pelsonian	243.8 *
Bithynian	244.7 *
Aegean	245.5 *
Aegean	Malakovian					246
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
				Smithian		248.9 *
	Nelsonian			Smithian		249
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
	DUrville			Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Meishanian		251.902
					Waiitian		Meishanian		253.2
							Baoqingian		253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian		254.14
					Puruhauan		Laoshanian		254.2
					Puruhauan		Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian		Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan		259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	Leine	Kuhfengian		264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	Leine			266
			Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian		Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian				276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian				283.5
					Telfordian				285
					Telfordian		Longlinian		285.4 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian							300.1
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian							Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian							Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian							Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Datsonian			485.4
			Stage 10							Niuchehean		Payntonian			486.8 *
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		Iverian			489.5
			Paibian							Paibian		Idamean			494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	Idamean			494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Mindyallan			497
			Guzhangian							Guzhangian		Boomerangian			499
			Drumian							Drumian		Undillan			500.5
			Drumian							Drumian		Floran			503
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		Templetonian			504.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		Ordian			507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		Ordian			509
			Stage 4							Duyunian					510.8 *
Stage 3			Nangaoian					514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635