PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of China	Mesozoic Subages
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian		113
		Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan											Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian											Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan											Late Toarcian		176
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian													Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
		Norian		Warepan											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan													217
				Oretian													221
		Carnian		Oretian											Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan											Tuvalian		227.5
															Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Longobardian		237
				Etalian											Longobardian		238
															Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian													Illyrian		242
															Pelsonian		243.8 *
															Bithynian		244.7 *
															Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian											Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													Spathian		247.2
															Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian											Smithian		249
		Induan													Dienerian		251.2
															Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan											Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan													251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian													253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian		298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
							Dalaun		305.8 *
					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
					Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Morrowan				318.4 *
							Huashibanian		318.5 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
							Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Jiusian		335 *
					Meramecian				335.8 *
						Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
					Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
					Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian				358.9
						Middle Famennian				365.3 *
						Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian				372.2
						Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
						Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko				Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Chotec				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Chotec				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian									Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian								443.8
		Katian		Gamachian								445.2
				Richmondian								446 *
				Maysvillian								Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian									450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian									451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian									453
				Turinian									453.7 *
			Whiterockian									Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian										469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian									Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean											473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean											477.7
				Stairsian											480.3 *
				Skullrockian										Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian											485.4
																	487.5