PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan		Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan													145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan													149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan													150
				Heterian													154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan													164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan													176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan													184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran													188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
		Norian		Warepan													208.5
				Otamitan													217
				Oretian													221
		Carnian		Oretian													227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan													227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan													237
		Ladinian		Etalian													238
		Anisian		Etalian													242
		Anisian		Malakovian													246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian					Vokhmian								247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian													249
		Induan		Nelsonian													251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan													251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan												Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2											Dorashamian
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Barettian			266
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
						Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
						Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
												Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
												Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran			514
													Montezuman			514.8 *
													Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
													Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																	538.8