PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan										Late Kimmeridgian		150
				Ohauan										Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Heterian										Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian		174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan										Late Toarcian		176
														Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian												201.4
		Norian		Warepan										Sevatian		208.5
														Alaunian		213.2 *
														Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan												217
				Oretian												221
		Carnian		Oretian										Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan										Tuvalian		227.5
														Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian		237
				Etalian										Longobardian		238
														Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian		242
														Pelsonian		243.8 *
														Bithynian		244.7 *
														Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian										Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												Spathian		247.2
														Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian										Smithian		249
		Induan												Dienerian		251.2
														Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan				Kathwai						Griesbachian		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai								251.902
																252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Barettian		266
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
													Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			494								Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids								497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																538.8